jQuery attribute manipulation - jQuery basic tutorial 4

4. jQuery Attributes Manipulation

Some of the most basic components we can manipulate when it comes to DOM elements are the properties and attributes assigned to those elements.
Most of these attributes are available through JavaScript as DOM node properties. Some of the more common properties are:
  • className
  • tagName
  • id
  • href
  • title
  • rel
  • src
Consider the following HTML markup for an image element:
<img id="myImage" src="image.gif" alt="An image" 
class="someClass" title="This is an image"/>
In this element's markup, the tag name is img, and the markup for id, src, alt, class, and title represents the element's attributes, each of which consists of a name and a value.
jQuery gives us the means to easily manipulate an element's attributes and gives us access to the element so that we can also change its properties.

Get Attribute Value:

The attr() method can be used to either fetch the value of an attribute from the first element in the matched set or set attribute values onto all matched elements.

Example:

Following is a simple example which fetches title attribute of <em> tag and set <div id="divid"> value with the same value:
<html>
<head>
<title>the title</title>
   <script type="text/javascript" 
   src="/jquery/jquery-1.3.2.min.js"></script>
   <script type="text/javascript" language="javascript">

   $(document).ready(function() {
      var title = $("em").attr("title");
      $("#divid").text(title);
   });

   </script>
</head>
<body>
   <div>
      <em title="Bold and Brave">This is first paragraph.</em>
      <p id="myid">This is second paragraph.</p>
      <div id="divid"></div>
   </div>
</body>
</html>

Set Attribute Value:

The attr(name, value) method can be used to set the named attribute onto all elements in the wrapped set using the passed value.

Example:

Following is a simple example which set src attribute of an image tag to a correct location:
<html>
<head>
<title>the title</title>
   <script type="text/javascript" 
   src="/jquery/jquery-1.3.2.min.js"></script>
   <script type="text/javascript" language="javascript">

   $(document).ready(function() {
      $("#myimg").attr("src", "/images/jquery.jpg");
   });

   </script>
</head>
<body>
   <div>
      <img id="myimg" src="/wongpath.jpg" alt="Sample image" />
   </div>
</body>
</html>

Applying Styles:

The addClass( classes ) method can be used to apply defined style sheets onto all the matched elements. You can specify multiple classes separated by space.

Example:

Following is a simple example which set src attribute of an image tag to a correct location:
<html>
<head>
<title>the title</title>
   <script type="text/javascript" 
   src="/jquery/jquery-1.3.2.min.js"></script>
   <script type="text/javascript" language="javascript">

   $(document).ready(function() {
      $("em").addClass("selected");
      $("#myid").addClass("highlight");
   });

   </script>
   <style>
      .selected { color:red; }
      .highlight { background:yellow; }
  </style>
</head>
<body>
   <em title="Bold and Brave">This is first paragraph.</em>
   <p id="myid">This is second paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>

Useful Attribute Methods:

Following table lists down few useful methods which you can use to manipulate attributes and properties:
Methods Description
attr( properties ) Set a key/value object as properties to all matched elements.
attr( key, fn ) Set a single property to a computed value, on all matched elements.
removeAttr( name ) Remove an attribute from each of the matched elements.
hasClass( class ) Returns true if the specified class is present on at least one of the set of matched elements.
removeClass( class ) Removes all or the specified class(es) from the set of matched elements.
toggleClass( class ) Adds the specified class if it is not present, removes the specified class if it is present.
html( ) Get the html contents (innerHTML) of the first matched element.
html( val ) Set the html contents of every matched element.
text( ) Get the combined text contents of all matched elements.
text( val ) Set the text contents of all matched elements.
val( ) Get the input value of the first matched element.
val( val ) Set the value attribute of every matched element if it is called on <input> but if it is called on <select> with the passed <option> value then passed option would be selected, if it is called on check box or radio box then all the matching check box and radiobox would be checked.
Similar to above syntax and examples, following examples would give you understanding on using various attribute methods in different situation:
  • $("#myID").attr("custom") : This would return value of attribute custom for the first element matching with ID myID.
  • $("img").attr("alt", "Sample Image"): This sets the alt attribute of all the images to a new value "Sample Image".
  • $("input").attr({ value: "", title: "Please enter a value" }); : Sets the value of all <input> elements to the empty string, as well as sets the title to the string Please enter a value.
  • $("a[href^=http://]").attr("target","_blank"): Selects all links with an href attribute starting with http:// and set its target attribute to _blank
  • $("a").removeAttr("target") : This would remove target attribute of all the links.
  • $("form").submit(function() {$(":submit",this).attr("disabled", "disabled");}); : This would modify the disabled attribute to the value "disabled" while clicking Submit button.
  • $("p:last").hasClass("selected"): This return true if last <p> tag has associated classselected.
  • $("p").text(): Returns string that contains the combined text contents of all matched <p> elements.
  • $("p").text("<i>Hello World</i>"): This would set "<I>Hello World</I>" as text content of the matching <p> elements
  • $("p").html() : This returns the HTML content of the all matching paragraphs.
  • $("div").html("Hello World") : This would set the HTML content of all matching <div> to Hello World.
  • $("input:checkbox:checked").val() : Get the first value from a checked checkbox
  • $("input:radio[name=bar]:checked").val(): Get the first value from a set of radio buttons
  • $("button").val("Hello") : Sets the value attribute of every matched element <button>.
  • $("input").val("on") : This would check all the radio or check box button whose value is "on".
  • $("select").val("Orange") : This would select Orange option in a dropdown box with options Orange, Mango and Banana.
  • $("select").val("Orange", "Mango") : This would select Orange and Mango options in a dropdown box with options Orange, Mango and Banana.

  

jQuery selectors examples - jQuery basic tutorial 3

3. jQuery Selectors

The jQuery library harnesses the power of Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) selectors to let us quickly and easily access elements or groups of elements in the Document Object Model (DOM).
A jQuery Selector is a function which makes use of expressions to find out matching elements from a DOM based on the given criteria.

The $() factory function:

All type of selectors available in jQuery, always start with the dollar sign and parentheses: $().
The factory function $() makes use of following three building blocks while selecting elements in a given document:
jQuery Description
Tag Name: Represents a tag name available in the DOM. For example $('p') selects all paragraphs in the document.
Tag ID: Represents a tag available with the given ID in the DOM. For example $('#some-id') selects the single element in the document that has an ID of some-id.
Tag Class: Represents a tag available with the given class in the DOM. For example $('.some-class') selects all elements in the document that have a class of some-class.
All the above items can be used either on their own or in combination with other selectors. All the jQuery selectors are based on the same principle except some tweaking.
NOTE: The factory function $() is a synonym of jQuery() function. So in case you are using any other JavaScript library where $ sign is conflicting with some thing else then you can replace $ sign by jQuery name and you can use function jQuery() instead of $().

Example:

Following is a simple example which makes use of Tag Selector. This would select all the elements with a tag name p.
<html>
<head>
<title>the title</title>
   <script type="text/javascript" 
   src="/jquery/jquery-1.3.2.min.js"></script>
   
   <script type="text/javascript" language="javascript">
   $(document).ready(function() {
      var pars = $("p");
      for( i=0; i<pars.length; i++ ){
         alert("Found paragraph: " + pars[i].innerHTML);
      }
   });
   </script>
</head>
<body>
   <div>
      <p class="myclass">This is a paragraph.</p>
      <p id="myid">This is second paragraph.</p>
      <p>This is third paragraph.</p>
   </div>
</body>
</html>

How to use Selectors?

The selectors are very useful and would be required at every step while using jQuery. They get the exact element that you want from your HTML document.
Following table lists down few basic selectors and explains them with examples.
Selector Description
Name Selects all elements which match with the given element Name.
#ID Selects a single element which matches with the given ID
.Class Selects all elements which match with the given Class.
Universal (*) Selects all elements available in a DOM.
Multiple Elements E, F, G Selects the combined results of all the specified selectors E, F or G.
Similar to above syntax and examples, following examples would give you understanding on using different type of other useful selectors:
  • $('*'): This selector selects all elements in the document.
  • $("p > *"): This selector selects all elements that are children of a paragraph element.
  • $("#specialID"): This selector function gets the element with id="specialID".
  • $(".specialClass"): This selector gets all the elements that have the class of specialClass.
  • $("li:not(.myclass)"): Selects all elements matched by <li> that do not have class="myclass".
  • $("a#specialID.specialClass"): This selector matches links with an id of specialID and a class of specialClass.
  • $("p a.specialClass"): This selector matches links with a class of specialClass declared within <p> elements.
  • $("ul li:first"): This selector gets only the first <li> element of the <ul>.
  • $("#container p"): Selects all elements matched by <p> that are descendants of an element that has an id of container.
  • $("li > ul"): Selects all elements matched by <ul> that are children of an element matched by <li>
  • $("strong + em"): Selects all elements matched by <em> that immediately follow a sibling element matched by <strong>.
  • $("p ~ ul"): Selects all elements matched by <ul> that follow a sibling element matched by <p>.
  • $("code, em, strong"): Selects all elements matched by <code> or <em> or <strong>.
  • $("p strong, .myclass"): Selects all elements matched by <strong> that are descendants of an element matched by <p> as well as all elements that have a class of myclass.
  • $(":empty"): Selects all elements that have no children.
  • $("p:empty"): Selects all elements matched by <p> that have no children.
  • $("div[p]"): Selects all elements matched by <div> that contain an element matched by <p>.
  • $("p[.myclass]"): Selects all elements matched by <p> that contain an element with a class of myclass.
  • $("a[@rel]"): Selects all elements matched by <a> that have a rel attribute.
  • $("input[@name=myname]"): Selects all elements matched by <input> that have a name value exactly equal to myname.
  • $("input[@name^=myname]"): Selects all elements matched by <input> that have a name value beginning with myname.
  • $("a[@rel$=self]"): Selects all elements matched by <p> that have a class value ending with bar
  • $("a[@href*=domain.com]"): Selects all elements matched by <a> that have an href value containing domain.com.
  • $("li:even"): Selects all elements matched by <li> that have an even index value.
  • $("tr:odd"): Selects all elements matched by <tr> that have an odd index value.
  • $("li:first"): Selects the first <li> element.
  • $("li:last"): Selects the last <li> element.
  • $("li:visible"): Selects all elements matched by <li> that are visible.
  • $("li:hidden"): Selects all elements matched by <li> that are hidden.
  • $(":radio"): Selects all radio buttons in the form.
  • $(":checked"): Selects all checked boxex in the form.
  • $(":input"): Selects only form elements (input, select, textarea, button).
  • $(":text"): Selects only text elements (input[type=text]).
  • $("li:eq(2)"): Selects the third <li> element
  • $("li:eq(4)"): Selects the fifth <li> element
  • $("li:lt(2)"): Selects all elements matched by <li> element before the third one; in other words, the first two <li> elements.
  • $("p:lt(3)"): selects all elements matched by <p> elements before the fourth one; in other words the first three <p> elements.
  • $("li:gt(1)"): Selects all elements matched by <li> after the second one.
  • $("p:gt(2)"): Selects all elements matched by <p> after the third one.
  • $("div/p"): Selects all elements matched by <p> that are children of an element matched by <div>.
  • $("div//code"): Selects all elements matched by <code>that are descendants of an element matched by <div>.
  • $("//p//a"): Selects all elements matched by <a> that are descendants of an element matched by <p>
  • $("li:first-child"): Selects all elements matched by <li> that are the first child of their parent.
  • $("li:last-child"): Selects all elements matched by <li> that are the last child of their parent.
  • $(":parent"): Selects all elements that are the parent of another element, including text.
  • $("li:contains(second)"): Selects all elements matched by <li> that contain the text second.

You can use all the above selectors with any HTML/XML element in generic way. For example if selector $("li:first") works for <li> element then $("p:first") would also work for <p> element.

jQuery fundamentals - jQuery basic tutorial 2

2. jQuery Fundamentals

jQuery is a framework built using JavaScript capabilities. So you can use all the functions and other capabilities available in JavaScript.
This chapter would explain most basic concepts but frequently used in jQuery.

String:

A string in JavaScript is an immutable object that contains none, one or many characters.
Following are the valid examples of a JavaScript String:
"This is JavaScript String"
'This is JavaScript String'
'This is "really" a JavaScript String'
"This is 'really' a JavaScript String"

Numbers:

Numbers in JavaScript are double-precision 64-bit format IEEE 754 values. They are immutable, just as strings.
Following are the valid examples of a JavaScript Numbers:
5350 120.27 0.26

Boolean:

A boolean in JavaScript can be either true or false. If a number is zero, it defaults to false. If an empty string defaults to false:
Following are the valid examples of a JavaScript Boolean:
true      // true
false     // false
0         // false
1         // true
""        // false
"hello"   // true

Objects:

JavaScript supports Object concept very well. You can create an object using the object literal as follows:
var emp = {
name: "Zara",
age: 10
};
You can write and read properties of an object using the dot notation as follows:
// Getting object properties
emp.name  // ==> Zara
emp.age   // ==> 10

// Setting object properties
emp.name = "Daisy"  // <== Daisy
emp.age  =  20      // <== 20

Arrays:

You can define arrays using the array literal as follows:
var x = [];
var y = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
An array has a length property that is useful for iteration:
var x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
for (var i = 0; i < x.length; i++) {
   // Do something with x[i]
 }

Functions:

A function in JavaScript can be either named or anonymous. A named function can be defined using function keyword as follows:
function named(){
// do some stuff here
}
An anonymous function can be defined in similar way as a normal function but it would not have any name.
A anonymous function can be assigned to a variable or passed to a method as shown below.
var handler = function (){
// do some stuff here
}
JQuery makes a use of anonymous functions very frequently as follows:
$(document).ready(function(){
// do some stuff here
});

Arguments:

JavaScript variable arguments is a kind of array which has length property. Following example explains it very well:
function func(x){
console.log(typeof x, arguments.length);
}
func();                //==> "undefined", 0
func(1);               //==> "number", 1
func("1", "2", "3");   //==> "string", 3
The arguments object also has a callee property, which refers to the function you're inside of. For example:
function func() {
return arguments.callee; 
}
func();                // ==> func

Context:

JavaScript famous keyword this always refers to the current context. Within a function this context can change, depending on how the function is called:
$(document).ready(function() {
// this refers to window.document
});

$("div").click(function() {
  // this refers to a div DOM element
});
You can specify the context for a function call using the function-built-in methods call() and apply() methods.
The difference between them is how they pass arguments. Call passes all arguments through as arguments to the function, while apply accepts an array as the arguments.
function scope() {
console.log(this, arguments.length);
}

scope() // window, 0
scope.call("foobar", [1,2]);  //==> "foobar", 1
scope.apply("foobar", [1,2]); //==> "foobar", 2

Scope:

The scope of a variable is the region of your program in which it is defined. JavaScript variable will have only two scopes.
  • Global Variables: A global variable has global scope which means it is defined everywhere in your JavaScript code.
  • Local Variables: A local variable will be visible only within a function where it is defined. Function parameters are always local to that function.
Within the body of a function, a local variable takes precedence over a global variable with the same name:
var myVar = "global";     // ==> Declare a global variable

function ( ) {
   var myVar = "local";   // ==> Declare a local variable
   document.write(myVar); // ==> local
}

Callback:

A callback is a plain JavaScript function passed to some method as an argument or option. Some callbacks are just events, called to give the user a chance to react when a certain state is triggered.
jQuery's event system uses such callbacks everywhere for example:
$("body").click(function(event) {
console.log("clicked: " + event.target);
 });
Most callbacks provide arguments and a context. In the event-handler example, the callback is called with one argument, an Event.
Some callbacks are required to return something, others make that return value optional. To prevent a form submission, a submit event handler can return false as follows:
$("#myform").submit(function() {
return false;
 });

Closures:

Closures are created whenever a variable that is defined outside the current scope is accessed from within some inner scope.
Following example shows how the variable counter is visible within the create, increment, and print functions, but not outside of them:
  function create() {
  var counter = 0;
  return {
    increment: function() {
      counter++;
    },
    print: function() {
      console.log(counter);
    }
  }
}
var c = create();
c.increment();
c.print();     // ==> 1
This pattern allows you to create objects with methods that operate on data that isn't visible to the outside world. It should be noted that data hiding is the very basis of object-oriented programming.

Proxy Pattern:

A proxy is an object that can be used to control access to another object. It implements the same interface as this other object and passes on any method invocations to it. This other object is often called the real subject.
A proxy can be instantiated in place of this real subject and allow it to be accessed remotely. We can saves jQuery's setArray method in a closure and overwrites it as follows:
  (function() {
  // log all calls to setArray
  var proxied = jQuery.fn.setArray;

  jQuery.fn.setArray = function() {
    console.log(this, arguments);
    return proxied.apply(this, arguments);
  };
})();
The above wraps its code in a function to hide the proxied variable. The proxy then logs all calls to the method and delegates the call to the original method. Using apply(this, arguments) guarantees that the caller won't be able to notice the difference between the original and the proxied method.

Built-in Functions:

JavaScript comes along with a useful set of built-in functions. These methods can be used to manipulate Strings, Numbers and Dates.
Following are important JavaScript functions:
Method Description
charAt() Returns the character at the specified index.
concat() Combines the text of two strings and returns a new string.
forEach() Calls a function for each element in the array.
indexOf() Returns the index within the calling String object of the first occurrence of the specified value, or -1 if not found.
length() Returns the length of the string.
pop() Removes the last element from an array and returns that element.
push() Adds one or more elements to the end of an array and returns the new length of the array.
reverse() Reverses the order of the elements of an array -- the first becomes the last, and the last becomes the first.
sort() Sorts the elements of an array.
substr() Returns the characters in a string beginning at the specified location through the specified number of characters.
toLowerCase() Returns the calling string value converted to lower case.
toString() Returns the string representation of the number's value.
toUpperCase() Returns the calling string value converted to uppercase.
  

The Document Object Model:

The Document Object Model is a tree structure of various elements of HTML as follows:
<html>
<head>
   <title>the title</title>
</head>
<body>
   <div>
      <p>This is a paragraph.</p>
      <p>This is second paragraph.</p>
      <p>This is third paragraph.</p>
   </div>
</body>
</html>
Following are the important points about the above tree structure:

  • The <html> is the ancestor of all the other elements; in other words, all the other elements are descendants of <html>.
  • The <head> and <body> elements are not only descendants, but children of <html>, as well.
  • Likewise, in addition to being the ancestor of <head> and <body>, <html> is also their parent.
  • The <p> elements are children (and descendants) of <div>, descendants of <body> and <html>, and siblings of each other <p> elements.

jQuery overview - jQuery basic tutorial series 1

jQuery Introduction :

jQuery is a fast and concise JavaScript Library created by John Resig in 2006 with a nice motto: Write less, do more.
jQuery simplifies HTML document traversing, event handling, animating, and Ajax interactions for rapid web development.
jQuery is a JavaScript toolkit designed to simplify various tasks by writing less code. Here is the list of important core features supported by jQuery:

  • DOM manipulation: The jQuery made it easy to select DOM elements, traverse them and modifying their content by using cross-browser open source selector engine called Sizzle.
  • Event handling: The jQuery offers an elegant way to capture a wide variety of events, such as a user clicking on a link, without the need to clutter the HTML code itself with event handlers.
  • AJAX Support: The jQuery helps you a lot to develop a responsive and feature-rich site using AJAX technology.
  • Animations: The jQuery comes with plenty of built-in animation effects which you can use in your websites.
  • Lightweight: The jQuery is very lightweight library - about 19KB in size ( Minified and gzipped ).
  • Cross Browser Support: The jQuery has cross-browser support, and works well in IE 6.0+, FF 2.0+, Safari 3.0+, Chrome and Opera 9.0+
  • Latest Technology: The jQuery supports CSS3 selectors and basic XPath syntax.
  • How to use jQuery library?

    Now you can include jquery library in your HTML file as follows:
    <html>
    <head>
    <title>The jQuery Example</title>
       <script type="text/javascript" 
       src="/jquery/jquery-1.3.2.min.js"></script>
       <script type="text/javascript">
          // you can add our javascript code here 
       </script>   
    </head>
    <body>
    ........
    </body>
    </html>
    
    

    How to call a jQuery library functions?

    As almost everything we do when using jQuery reads or manipulates the document object model (DOM), we need to make sure that we start adding events etc. as soon as the DOM is ready.
    If you want an event to work on your page, you should call it inside the $(document).ready() function. Everything inside it will load as soon as the DOM is loaded and before the page contents are loaded.
    To do this, we register a ready event for the document as follows:
    $(document).ready(function() { // do stuff when DOM is ready });
  • To call upon any jQuery library function, use HTML script tags as shown below:
    <html>
    <head>
    <title>The jQuery Example</title>
       <script type="text/javascript" 
       src="/jquery/jquery-1.3.2.min.js"></script>
       
       <script type="text/javascript" language="javascript">
       // <![CDATA[
       $(document).ready(function() {
          $("div").click(function() {
            alert("Hello world!");
          });
       });
       // ]]>
       </script>
    
    </head>
    <body>
    <div id="newdiv">
    Click on this to see a dialogue box.
    </div>
    </body>
    </html>
    
    

    How to use Custom Scripts?

    It is better to write our custom code in the custom JavaScript file : custom.js, as follows:
  •     
    /* Filename: custom.js */
    $(document).ready(function() {
      $("div").click(function() {
     alert("Hello world!");
      });
    });
    Now we can include custom.js file in our HTML file as follows:
    
    <html>
    <head>
    <title>The jQuery Example</title>
       <script type="text/javascript" 
       src="/jquery/jquery-1.3.2.min.js"></script>
       <script type="text/javascript" 
       src="/jquery/custom.js"></script>
    </head>
    <body>
    <div id="newdiv">
    Click on this to see a dialogue box.
    </div>
    </body>
    </html>

Check if a class extends another at Runtime : Java

Summary :

  • If you want to know whether or not a Class extends another, use Class#isAssignableFrom(Class)
  • Class#isAssignableFrom(Class) also returns true if both classes are same
  • To find if an object is instance of a class use instanceof operator
  • To know if a class is direct sub class of another class then use Class#getSuperClass().equals(Class)

Setup :

We have an interface MyInterface and three classes MyBaseClass, MySubClass and SomeOtherClass with the below hierarchy.

interface MyInterface {
}

class MyBaseClass implements MyInterface {
}

class MySubClass extends MyBaseClass {
}

class SomeOtherClass {
}   

Tests:

   

public class Test {
  
  public static void main( String[] args ) {
    
    /*
     * Checking if a class is same as or is a superclass or superinterface
     * 
     * of another class (the class in parameter)
     */
    System.out.println( MyBaseClass.class.isAssignableFrom( MyBaseClass.class ) );// true : same class
    System.out.println( MyBaseClass.class.equals( MyBaseClass.class ) );// true : same class
    System.out.println( MyBaseClass.class.isAssignableFrom( MySubClass.class ) );// true : superclass
    System.out.println( MyInterface.class.isAssignableFrom( MySubClass.class ) );// true : superinterface
    System.out.println( MyBaseClass.class.isAssignableFrom( SomeOtherClass.class ) );// false : the two classes has no relation
    System.out.println( MySubClass.class.isAssignableFrom( MyBaseClass.class ) );// false : MySubClass is not the superclass
    
    /*
     * Checking if a object is instance of a class
     */
    
    IMyInterface object = new MyBaseClass( );
    System.out.println( object instanceof MyInterface ); // true
    System.out.println( object instanceof MyBaseClass ); // true
    System.out.println( object instanceof MySubClass ); // false
    System.out.println( object instanceof SomeOtherClass );// false
    
    /*
     * check if a class is direct superclass of another
     */
    
    System.out.println( MySubClass.class.getSuperclass( ).equals( MyInterface.class ) );// false : its not a directsuper class, interface
    System.out.println( MyBaseClass.class.getSuperclass( ).equals( MyInterface.class ) );// false : its not a directsuper class, interface
    System.out.println( MySubClass.class.getSuperclass( ).equals( MyBaseClass.class ) );// true : MyBaseClass is extending MySubClass
  }
}
   

Full code :

   

public class Test {
  
  public static void main( String[] args ) {
    
    /*
     * Checking if a class is same as or is a superclass or superinterface
     * 
     * of another class (the class in parameter)
     */
    System.out.println( MyBaseClass.class.isAssignableFrom( MyBaseClass.class ) );// true : same class
    System.out.println( MyBaseClass.class.equals( MyBaseClass.class ) );// true : same class
    System.out.println( MyBaseClass.class.isAssignableFrom( MySubClass.class ) );// true : superclass
    System.out.println( MyInterface.class.isAssignableFrom( MySubClass.class ) );// true : superinterface
    System.out.println( MyBaseClass.class.isAssignableFrom( SomeOtherClass.class ) );// false : the two classes has no relation
    System.out.println( MySubClass.class.isAssignableFrom( MyBaseClass.class ) );// false : MySubClass is not the superclass
    
    /*
     * Checking if a object is instance of a class
     */
    
    IMyInterface object = new MyBaseClass( );
    System.out.println( object instanceof MyInterface ); // true
    System.out.println( object instanceof MyBaseClass ); // true
    System.out.println( object instanceof MySubClass ); // false
    System.out.println( object instanceof SomeOtherClass );// false
    
    /*
     * check if a class is direct superclass of another
     */
    
    System.out.println( MySubClass.class.getSuperclass( ).equals( MyInterface.class ) );// false : its not a directsuper class, interface
    System.out.println( MyBaseClass.class.getSuperclass( ).equals( MyInterface.class ) );// false : its not a directsuper class, interface
    System.out.println( MySubClass.class.getSuperclass( ).equals( MyBaseClass.class ) );// true : MyBaseClass is extending MySubClass
  }
}

interface MyInterface {
}

class MyBaseClass implements MyInterface {
}

class MySubClass extends MyBaseClass {
}

class SomeOtherClass {
}

      
   

superclass "javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet" not found on Java Build Path - solution

You might (normally) get the error following error on a dynamic java web project created through maven on Eclipse IDE. The solution is simple :
Error :
The superclass "javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet" was not found on the Java Build Path   
Error Location :
<%@ page language="java" contentType="text/html; charset=UTF-8" pageEncoding="UTF-8"%>
Solution 1)
Edit pom.xml to include servlet-api-x.x.jar in your dependencies:
<dependency>
  <groupId>javax.servlet</groupId>
  <artifactId>javax.servlet-api</artifactId>
  <version>3.1.1</version>
  <scope>provided</scope>
</dependency>   
Solution 2)
Go to Project->Properties->Target Runtimes . And add your server container eg. : Apache Tomcat


Java Obsfucate Password - Replace with asterisk

Obsfucate password : 

Rreplace everything except first and last character by asterisk ( * ), if  the password is less than ALLOWED_LENGTH characters long obfuscate it entirely i.e., prints asterisks

Code :
   
//Test 
System.out.println( getObfuscatedPassword( "" ) ); //returns null
System.out.println( getObfuscatedPassword( "pwdd" ) ); //returns ****
System.out.println( getObfuscatedPassword( "mySecurePassword" ) ); // returns m**************d


//Method 
public static String getObfuscatedPassword( String password ) {
   
   int ALLOWED_LENGTH = 5;
   
   if ( null == password || "".equals( password.trim( ) ) ) {
    return null;
   }
   
   StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder( );
   
   if ( password.length( ) < ALLOWED_LENGTH ) {
   
    for ( int i = password.length( ); i != 0; i-- ) {
     builder.append( "*" );
    }
   
    return builder.toString( );
   }
   
   builder.append( password.charAt( 0 ) );
   
   for ( int i = password.length( ) - 2; i != 0; i-- ) {
    builder.append( "*" );
   }
   
   return builder.append( password.substring( password.length( ) - 1 ) ).toString( );
}

   

change maven local repository path - symbolic links

Let's suppose we want to change the local maven repo path (default : c:\users\user_name\.m2\repository) to some other real folder - lets say e:\repo  - so that the contents from e:\repo folder are mapped to the default folder location.

This might be useful when .m2 folder on your C: drive is taking too much space. In such case, you can move the content to another drive ( e:\repo) and have a symbolic link on C:\ drive instead - so that all the configuration remains intact.


The following command creates a link folder "repository" in /.m2 folder and points to the source e:\REPO

C:\>mklink /d c:\users\gtiwari\.m2\repository e:\REPO


Note:


using symbolic links on windows

Using symbolic links (MKLINK comand) on windows:

Suppose we want to create a link of folder 'e:\source' to c:\target\bridge then, use the following command:

C:\>mklink /d c:\target\bridge e:\source

Syntax : mklink /d TARGET SOURCE_DIR

  • This command creates a link folder "bridge" in c:\target\ where you can see the contents from e:\source.
For more info :
Visit: http://ss64.com/nt/mklink.html - 

Linux find command

The find command is one of the most important and much used command in Linux systems. find command is used to search and locate list of files and directories based on conditions you specify for files that match the arguments. In this article we will get familier with linux find command.

First things first, to get more knowledge on any linux command we can use linux manual page using man <command_name>. For more information about find you can use man find and you'll get in depth description on how we can use linux command.

Basic use of find looks somewhat like below

find .

Let's get familier which the syntax of find. In above example we have two parts

  1. find : find is the command itself
  2. . : . (dot) represents the path from where we want to search. We can pass any path here and find will start to look from the path what was provided.

If you run the command, you will get list of all the files and directories that is inside the path that was given as argument.

But I assume you don't want to search for all files. You may want to search for file from / directories that has specific name. To seach for specific file / directories we can use -name option. Here's an example of find which search for the file / directories with the name .gitignore

find . -name '.gitignore'

# OUTPUT

./.gitignore

You can see that we are using . here. If you wanted to start search from root you are free to pass / as you seach directory.

Did you notice that I kept on saying search for file or directories. By default find will try to match the option of -name on both directories and files. If you want to limit your search for file or directories you can use -type option.

find . -type d -name 'img'

# OUTPUT

./_site/img
./img

If you pass d argument on -type option your search will limit to directories only.

find . -type f -name '.gitignore'

# OUTPUT

./.gitignore

If you pass f argument on -type option your search will limit to files.

Linux system are case sensitive. What if you want to seach file ignoring the case. -iname can be use to do just that.

find . -iname '.gitignore'

You can also search file with certain extention. Let's search file with .css extention

find . -type f -name '*.css'

# OUTPUT
./css/bootstrap-theme.css
./css/pygment_highlights.css
./css/main-minimal.css
./css/bootstrap.css
./css/bootstrap.min.css
./css/normalize.css
./css/bootstrap-theme.min.css
./css/main.css

We can use * to indicate any character. We can also search files with multiple extention. Suppose you want to search file with .css and .html. You can do that with

find . -name '*.css' -or -name '*.html'

# OUTPUT

./_layouts/post.html
./_layouts/default.html
./_layouts/page.html
./_layouts/base.html
./index.html
./css/bootstrap-theme.css
./css/pygment_highlights.css
./css/main-minimal.css
./css/bootstrap.css
./css/bootstrap.min.css
./css/normalize.css
./css/bootstrap-theme.min.css
./css/main.css

Notice how we are joining the option -name in above syntax using -or. -or can be used with its alias -o You may have guessed that we can use -and too. Here's an example of find using -and.

# find . -name 'm*' -name '*.css'
find . -name 'm*' -and -name '*.css'

# OUTPUT
./_site/css/main-minimal.css
./_site/css/main.css
./css/main-minimal.css
./css/main.css

Now that you know about -or and -and, you may have imagined endless possibilities of search patterns. Just a quick note, if you use two -name without -and on above example it would act as -and. Quick hint !! you have -not option too. -not can be used with its alias !. -or , -and and -not can be used with other option too.

You can also control how deep you want to search usign -maxdepth

find . -maxdepth 1 -name '*.html'

# OUTPUT
./index.html

You can use find to search the files / directories based on modified, changed or accessed days and minutes.

For days you have -mtime, -atime, -ctime and for minutes you have -mmin, -amin, -cmin. Option prefixed with m denotes modified, a denotes accessed and c denotes changed.

find . -mtime 20
find . -atime 20
find . -ctime 20
find . -mmin 20
find . -amin 20
find . -cmin 20

We can also use + and - symbol number provied. For example

find . -mtime +5

Above command find the file which was not modified in last 5 days.

find . -mtime -5

Above command find the file which was modified within last 5 days.

You can also go for range of days and minutes. Here's an example

find . -mtime +5 -mtime -10

Above command finds the files / directories that are modifined between 5 to 10 days

find . -mmin +5 -mtime -10

Above command finds the files / directories that are modifined between 5 to 10 minutes.

To search the file that has specific size you can use -size option

find . -type f -size 2M

Above command search file that has exactly 50M. We can also use + and - symbol on the number here. For example

find . -type f -size -2M

This command will find the files that has size of 2MB and less

For range you can do

find . -type f -size +2M -size -10M

To find empty file or directory you can use -empty option

find . -empty

find also has option -user, -group and -perm which lets you search the file that is associated with specific user, group or if the file has certain permission.

You can also perform certain operation on the files / directories that are searched and found using -exec option.

For this example here is the list of files and dir that I have

-rw-rw-r--  1 aman aman    0 Oct  7 10:30 four.html
-rw-rw-r--  1 aman aman    0 Oct  7 10:30 one.txt
drwxrwxr-x  2 aman aman 4096 Oct  7 10:31 somedir
-rw-rw-r--  1 aman aman    0 Oct  7 10:30 three.txt
-rw-rw-r--  1 aman aman    0 Oct  7 10:30 two.php

To rename the two.php to two.html you can issue following command

find . -type f -name 'two.php' -exec mv -f {} two.html \;

# ls -l

-rw-rw-r--  1 aman aman    0 Oct  7 10:30 four.html
-rw-rw-r--  1 aman aman    0 Oct  7 10:30 one.txt
drwxrwxr-x  2 aman aman 4096 Oct  7 10:31 somedir
-rw-rw-r--  1 aman aman    0 Oct  7 10:30 three.txt
-rw-rw-r--  1 aman aman    0 Oct  7 10:30 two.html

Let's explain what -exec is performing. After -exec we are writing the command that we want to execute. In our example we wanted to change two.php to two.html. Notice we are using {} placeholder in source section. To end the -exec command we are using \;.

I know on destination we used static text. What if we want to use change all html files to php now. Here's the command

find . -type f -name '*.html' -exec bash -c 'mv "$1" "${1%.html}".php' - {} \;

Now that's a complex command. Let's me explain what's happening.

First we are passing bash -c '<command_to_execute_inside_bash>' - <param_to_send> on -exec. The command will execute for each entry that is found by find command. If find finds 5 files with *.html it will run the command 5 times.

Lets look at the command that we passed for execution i.e mv "$1" "${1%.html}".php.

$1 is the first argument that was passed to command. For example if we have 2 file with html extention. It will send 1st file found to command as its 1st argument and command execution will take place. Then, it goes for 2nd find found and will again pass the file name as its 1st argument.So if we have two file one.html and two.html our find command will find the one.html first and it will execute our command which argument one.html. So on first execution $1 value will be one.html and on second execution $1 will be two.html

Next we have "${1%.html}".php. In a simple term if $1 represents one.html then "${1%.html}" will represent one. So "${1%.html}".php will represent one.php. Visit Bash Referrence Manural for more detail.

If we have two file one.html and two.html. When our command execute the first time ti will look like bash -c 'mv one.html one.php' and second time bash -c 'mv two.html two.php'.

Here's the output

-rw-rw-r-- 1 aman aman    0 Oct  7 10:30 four.php
-rw-rw-r-- 1 aman aman    0 Oct  7 10:30 one.txt
drwxrwxr-x 2 aman aman 4.0K Oct  7 10:31 somedir
-rw-rw-r-- 1 aman aman    0 Oct  7 10:30 three.txt
-rw-rw-r-- 1 aman aman    0 Oct  7 10:30 two.php
find is very handy command and I hope this article helped you get an insight on how you can use find to search files and directories you need.